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Don't go to bed Occipital nerve stimulation: Effective migraine treatment? Infographic: Pancreatic Cancers-Whipple Perimenopause Perimenopause birth control options Pet therapy Phosphatidylserine supplements: Can they improve memory? While everyone experiences a degree of depression from time to time, major depression persists for long periods. A single, defined cause of depression is not known and cannot be pinpointed in any individual.
There are thought to be multiple causes that interact to cause depression to begin, including abnormalities in brain structure and brain chemistry, as well as genetic factors. Hormones are also thought to play a role. Changing levels of hormones during certain times, like pregnancy or menopause, may trigger symptoms of depression. In addition to these biological factors that have been shown to be linked to depression, there are risk factors. Having one or more of these risk factors increases the odds that someone will develop depression but does not guarantee it:.
There are many different ways in which depression can manifest, some of which may be surprising. For instance, depression can cause physical pain. Other signs that someone may be struggling with major depression include:. The signs may be different in young people. Children are more likely to have physical pain, to be underweight, to be needy or clingy, and to avoid school.
Teens with depression may start to do poorly in school, use drugs or alcohol, sleep too much, engage in self-harm, and become isolated.
Older adults also exhibit certain specific signs of depression, including memory problems, changes in personality, social withdrawal, and loss of appetite.
Men as compared to women are more likely to experience anger, physical pain, and to engage in reckless behaviors when struggling with depression. To be diagnosed with major depression requires a psychiatric evaluation by a mental health professional, preferably a psychiatrist.
The diagnostic criteria include five out of nine possible symptoms experienced during a period of at least two weeks that cannot be explained by substance abuse or another mental illness. The nine symptoms are:. To be diagnosed with major depression, two of the five symptoms present must be numbers 1 and 2 above. Getting a diagnosis for major depression is important because this illness will not go away on its own. It is chronic, so even when someone with depression starts to feel better it is likely there will be another episode in the future.
Consistent treatment is essential to help an individual feel better, manage symptoms, and to be able to function normally again. The most effective components of treatment for major depression are medications and therapy. Medications called antidepressants can be used to treat depression, and there are several different types of these drugs. A patient with depression may have to try more than one before finding a drug that works best with minimal side effects.
It can take several weeks for the effects of an antidepressant to be felt, and stopping an antidepressant suddenly can be dangerous. It is very important for patients to stick with a medication for a certain period of time and to communicate with their doctor about any side effects that are not tolerable. Medications are effective for many people with depression, but the best treatment also includes therapy. There are various types of psychotherapy that may be helpful, but one of the most commonly used is called cognitive behavioral therapy, or CBT.
CBT guided by a professional therapist helps patients recognize and change negative thoughts, manage symptoms, and use problem-solving to change behaviors. Therapy for depression may also be done in a group setting or with family. Also important in managing depression is self-care. A therapist can help patients learn what they can do at home to support professional treatment. For instance, avoiding alcohol and drugs is important, as is engaging with family and friends and reaching out for support and connection.
Other self-care strategies that may help include participation in support groups, stress-management techniques, meditation, yoga, exercise, and a healthy diet. Some people call this awareness "mindfulness", and you can take steps to develop it in your own life. Read more about mindfulness for mental wellbeing. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence NICE recommends "mindfulness based cognitive therapy" for people who are currently well but have experienced 3 or more previous episodes of depression.
It may help prevent a future episode of depression. Read the NICE guidance about the recognition and management of depression in adults. Sharing a problem with someone else or with a group can give you support and an insight into your own depression.
Research shows that talking can help people recover from depression and cope better with stress. You may not feel comfortable about discussing your mental health and sharing your distress with others. If this is the case, writing about how you feel or expressing your emotions through poetry or art are other ways to help your mood.
Here's a list of depression support groups and information about how to access them. If you have depression it may be tempting to smoke or drink to make you feel better. Cigarettes and alcohol may seem to help at first, but they make things worse in the long run. Be extra cautious with cannabis. You might think it's harmless, but research has shown a strong link between cannabis use and mental illness, including depression. If your depression is caused by working too much or if it's affecting your ability to do your job, you may need time off to recover.
However, there's evidence to suggest that taking prolonged time off work can make depression worse. There's also quite a bit of evidence to support that going back to work can help you recover from depression. Read more about returning to work after having mental health issues. It's important to avoid too much stress, and this includes work-related stress.
If you're employed, you may be able to work shorter hours or work in a more flexible way, particularly if job pressures seem to trigger your symptoms. Under the Equality Act , all employers must make reasonable adjustments to make the employment of people with disabilities possible. This can include people who've been diagnosed with a mental illness. Read more about how to beat stress at work. If you're unable to work as a result of your depression, you may be eligible for a range of benefits, depending on your circumstances.
These include:. It's not just the person with depression who's affected by their illness.
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