When specific IgE antibodies bind one of these vaccine components, an allergic reaction develops within minutes to a few hours. This manifests as local site urticaria or a systemic reaction such as anaphylaxis. The rate of experiencing an anaphylactic reaction to vaccination is approximately one per million doses. Immune complex mediated hypersensitivity reactions type III can also occur after vaccination. In this immunologic process, pre-formed antibodies bind antigen in vaccine creating immune complexes.
These complexes are deposited into blood vessels, joints and other body tissue resulting in inflammation and body injury. Arthus reaction is a type of immune complex hypersensitivity reaction that can occur after vaccination. It is characterized by local site redness, warmness, swelling, or ulceration that usually occurs hours after vaccination. Arthus reaction is considered a type of cutaneous vasculitis. Vaccines associated with arthus reactions include tetanus and diphtheria.
Serum sickness is also a type of immune complex hypersensitivity reaction that can occur after vaccination. This reaction is characterized by rash, swelling, swollen lymph nodes, joint pain, and fever that typically occur days after vaccination. Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions type IV to vaccine can also occur. In this reaction, lymphocytes a type of white blood cell recognize antigen in vaccine and release factors that attract macrophages another type of white blood cell.
These different types of white blood cells cause an inflammatory reaction resulting in body injury. Manifestations of delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to vaccine most commonly include localized injection site nodules and rash.
Components of vaccines associated with delayed type hypersensitivity include thimerosal, a vaccine preservative, and neomycin, a vaccine antibiotic. Aluminum contained in vaccines can also cause injection site nodules which may reflect a delayed type hypersensitivity reaction.
Delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to vaccine are diagnosed by history, exam and tests. Vaccines are also associated with non-allergic adverse reactions. Such reactions include seizure, encephalopathy, encephalitis, and hypotonic-hypo responsive syndrome among others. Allergists are the experts in vaccine allergy and diagnose this condition by history, exam, and tests.
The goals of treatment are to identify the cause of vaccine allergy and prevent the development of allergic reaction on future vaccination. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions e. Unlike true hypersensitivity reactions, which occur after sensitization , nonallergic hypersensitivity reactions e.
Type IV : delayed T-cell mediated. Drugs can cause all four types of hypersensitivity reactions. Type I is Fast and Furious. Contact prevention and avoidance of offending agents is the best treatment for allergies. IgM and IgG mistakenly bind to surface antigens of the cells in the body , which results in:. Type II is cytoxic and consists of 2 components antigen and antibody. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions involve two major steps:.
Contact dermatitis due to poison oak , poison ivy , or poison sumac is the most likely cause in a patient presenting with itching, burning, red skin lesions arranged in a linear pattern appearing 24 hours after a camping trip. Expand all sections Register Log in. Trusted medical expertise in seconds. Find answers fast with the high-powered search feature and clinical tools. Try free for 5 days Evidence-based content, created and peer-reviewed by physicians.
Read the disclaimer. Hypersensitivity reactions. Summary Hypersensitivity reactions occur when the normally protective immune system responds abnormally, potentially harming the body. Hypersensitivity classification [1] [2] Summary of pathophysiology Examples Type I : immediate Preformed IgE antibodies coating mast cells and basophils are crosslinked by contact with free antigen.
Cell degranulatio n results in the release of histamine and other inflammatory mediators. Allergic or anaphylactic transfusion reactions e. Complement system activation and lysis or phagocytosis of cells Antibody -dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity e.
References Mandallaz et al.. Bird-egg syndrome. Cross-reactivity between bird antigens and egg-yolk livetins in IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. Relationship of Dust Mites and Crustaceans. Updated: July 13, Accessed: April 17, Urticaria and angioedema.
0コメント